CCNA 1 v6.0 Study Material

• 6.1 Community Layer Protocols
  • Describe the aim of the community layer in information communication.
  • Clarify why the IPv4 protocol requires different layers to supply reliability.
  • Clarify the position of the foremost header fields within the IPv4 and IPv6 packet.
• 6.2 Routing
  • Clarify how a bunch gadget makes use of routing tables to direct packets to itself, an area vacation spot, or a default gateway.
  • Examine a bunch routing desk to a routing desk in a router.
• 6.3 Routers
  • Describe the frequent elements and interfaces of a router.
  • Describe the boot-up strategy of a Cisco IOS router.
• 6.4 Configure a Cisco Router
  • Configure preliminary settings on a Cisco IOS router.
  • Configure two lively interfaces on a Cisco IOS router.
  • Configure gadgets to make use of the default gateway.

6.1 Community Layer Protocols

Community Layer in Communications

• The Community Layer
  • Finish to Finish Transport processes
  • Addressing finish gadgets
  • Encapsulation
  • Routing
  • De-encapsulating
• Community Layer Protocols

Traits of the IP Protocol

• Encapsulating IP
  • Segments are encapsulated into IP packets for transmission.
  • The community layer provides a header so packets may be routed to the vacation spot.
• IP – Connectionless
  • Sender doesn’t know if the receiver is listening or the message arrived on time.
  • Receiver doesn’t know information is coming.
• IP – Finest Effort Supply
  No ensures of supply are made.
• IP – Media Unbiased
  • IP can journey over various kinds of media.

IPv4 Packet

• Model = 0100
• DS = Packet Precedence
• TTL = Limits lifetime of Packet
• Protocol = Higher layer protocol corresponding to TCP
• Supply IP Deal with = supply of packet
• Vacation spot IP Deal with = vacation spot of packet

IPv6 Packet

• Limitations of IPv4
  • IP tackle depletion
  • Web routing desk enlargement
  • Lack of end-to-end connectivity
• Introducing IPv6
  • Elevated tackle house
  • Improved packet dealing with
  • Eliminates the necessity for NAT
• EncapsulatingIPv6
  • Simplified header format
  • No checksum course of requirement
  • Extra environment friendly Choices Header mechanism
  • Move Label area makes it extra environment friendly.
• IPv6 Packet Header
  – xx

IPv6 Packet (Cont.)

• Model = 0110
• Visitors Class = Precedence
• Move Label = identical circulate will obtain identical dealing with
• Payload Size = identical as whole size
• Subsequent Header = Layer 4 Protocol
• Hop Restrict = Replaces TTL area

6.2 Routing

How a Host Routes

• Host Forwarding Resolution
  • Three sorts of vacation spot: itself, native host, distant host.
• Default Gateway
  • Routes site visitors to different networks
  • Has an area IP tackle in the identical tackle vary as different hosts on the community
  • Can take information in and ahead information out
• Utilizing the Default Gateway
  • Hosts will use the default gateway when sending packets to distant networks.
• Host Routing Tables
  • Use the netstat –r command to show the
  • host routing desk on a Home windows machine.

How a Host Routes Router Routing Tables

• Router Packet Forwarding Resolution
  • Routers and hosts ahead packets in a similar way.
  • The principle distinction is that routers have extra interfaces whereas hosts usually have just one.
  • Units on instantly linked networks may be reached instantly.
  • Units on distant networks are reached by gateway.
• IPv4 Router Routing Desk
  • The router routing desk shops community routes the router is aware of about.
  • Use the present ip route command to show the routing desk on a Cisco router.
  • The router routing desk additionally has data on: how the route was discovered, its trustworthiness and ranking.
  • It additionally accommodates which interface to make use of to succeed in that specifc vacation spot.
• Instantly Linked Routing Desk Entries
  • C – Identifies a directly-connected community, routinely created when an interface is configured with an IP tackle and activated.
  • L – Identifies that this can be a native interface. That is the IPv4 tackle of the interface on the router.
• Distant Community Routing Desk Entries
• Distant Community Routing Desk Entries
  • Distant locations can’t be reached instantly.
  • Distant routes include the tackle of the intermediate community gadget for use to succeed in the vacation spot.
• Subsequent-Hop Deal with
  Subsequent-Hop tackle is the tackle of the intermediate gadget used to succeed in a specifc distant vacation spot.

6.3 Routers

Anatomy of a Router

• A Router is a Laptop
  • Routers have CPU, reminiscence and I/O gadgets
  • Cisco routers use IOS as their working system.
• Router Reminiscence
  • Simply as a pc, routers have reminiscence.
  • Routers include RAM, ROM, NVRAM and Flash reminiscence.
• Inside a Router
  • Routers have the identical common construction.
• Connect with a Router
  • Routers have might ports to assist connections.
• LAN and WAN Interfaces
  • Routers have LAN and WAN ports.
  • Completely different fashions ship with completely different ports.
  • Ethernet is quite common on completely different router fashions.

Anatomy of a Router

• Bootset Recordsdata
  • IOS picture file, saved within the Flash, accommodates the IOS.
  • The Flash additionally shops different system information.
  • The NVRAM shops configuration parameters.
• Router Bootup Course of
  • Carry out the POST and cargo the bootstrap program.
  • Find and cargo the Cisco IOS software program.
  • Find and cargo the startup configuration file or enter setup mode
• Present Model Output
  • The present model command could be very helpful.
  • It offers data on the quantities of reminiscence put in, what IOS photos was loaded throughout boot and extra.

6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router

Configure Preliminary Settings

Configure Interfaces

• • Configure Router Interfaces
  • Enter the interface sub-configuration mode.
  • Add an outline to the Interface (optionally available)
  • Configure an IPv4 or IPv6 tackle.
  • Activate the interface with a no shutdown command
• Confirm Interface Configuration
  • present ip route – Shows the contents of the IPv4 routing desk saved in RAM.
  • present interfaces – Shows statistics for all interfaces on the gadget.
  • present ip interface – Shows the IPv4 statistics for all interfaces on a router.

Configure the Default Gateway

• • Default Gateway for a Host

• Default Gateway for a Change
  • A default gateway is required for distant community communication.
  • If a change is to be managed through its VTY traces, it wants a default gateway.
  • Use the ip default-gateway command to configure the default gateway for a change.

6.5 Chapter Abstract

Abstract

• Clarify how community layer protocols and companies assist communications throughout information networks.
• Clarify how routers allow end-to-end connectivity in a small to medium-sized enterprise community.
• Clarify how gadgets route site visitors in a small to medium-sized enterprise community.
• Configure a router with fundamental configurations.

Part 6.1 New Phrases and Instructions

Part 6.2 New Phrases and Instructions

Part 6.3 New Phrases and Instructions

Part 6.4 New Phrases and Instructions

• interface type-and-number
• ip tackle ipv4-address subnet-mask
• description description-text
• no shutdown
• present ip interface temporary
• ping ip tackle
• present ip route
• present interfaces
• present ip interface temporary
• ip default-gateway ip-address

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