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- 6.1 Community Layer Protocols
- Describe the aim of the community layer in information communication.
- Clarify why the IPv4 protocol requires different layers to supply reliability.
- Clarify the position of the foremost header fields within the IPv4 and IPv6 packet.
- 6.2 Routing
- Clarify how a bunch gadget makes use of routing tables to direct packets to itself, an area vacation spot, or a default gateway.
- Examine a bunch routing desk to a routing desk in a router.
- 6.3 Routers
- Describe the frequent elements and interfaces of a router.
- Describe the boot-up strategy of a Cisco IOS router.
- 6.4 Configure a Cisco Router
- Configure preliminary settings on a Cisco IOS router.
- Configure two lively interfaces on a Cisco IOS router.
- Configure gadgets to make use of the default gateway.
6.1 Community Layer Protocols
Community Layer in Communications
- The Community Layer
- Finish to Finish Transport processes
- Addressing finish gadgets
- Encapsulation
- Routing
- De-encapsulating
- Community Layer Protocols
Traits of the IP Protocol
- Encapsulating IP
- Segments are encapsulated into IP packets for transmission.
- The community layer provides a header so packets may be routed to the vacation spot.
- IP – Connectionless
- Sender doesn’t know if the receiver is listening or the message arrived on time.
- Receiver doesn’t know information is coming.
- IP – Finest Effort Supply
No ensures of supply are made. - IP – Media Unbiased
- IP can journey over various kinds of media.
IPv4 Packet
- Model = 0100
- DS = Packet Precedence
- TTL = Limits lifetime of Packet
- Protocol = Higher layer protocol corresponding to TCP
- Supply IP Deal with = supply of packet
- Vacation spot IP Deal with = vacation spot of packet
IPv6 Packet
- Limitations of IPv4
- IP tackle depletion
- Web routing desk enlargement
- Lack of end-to-end connectivity
- Introducing IPv6
- Elevated tackle house
- Improved packet dealing with
- Eliminates the necessity for NAT
- EncapsulatingIPv6
- Simplified header format
- No checksum course of requirement
- Extra environment friendly Choices Header mechanism
- Move Label area makes it extra environment friendly.
- IPv6 Packet Header
– xx
IPv6 Packet (Cont.)
- Model = 0110
- Visitors Class = Precedence
- Move Label = identical circulate will obtain identical dealing with
- Payload Size = identical as whole size
- Subsequent Header = Layer 4 Protocol
- Hop Restrict = Replaces TTL area
6.2 Routing
How a Host Routes
- Host Forwarding Resolution
- Three sorts of vacation spot: itself, native host, distant host.
- Default Gateway
- Routes site visitors to different networks
- Has an area IP tackle in the identical tackle vary as different hosts on the community
- Can take information in and ahead information out
- Utilizing the Default Gateway
- Hosts will use the default gateway when sending packets to distant networks.
- Host Routing Tables
- Use the netstat –r command to show the
- host routing desk on a Home windows machine.
How a Host Routes Router Routing Tables
- Router Packet Forwarding Resolution
- Routers and hosts ahead packets in a similar way.
- The principle distinction is that routers have extra interfaces whereas hosts usually have just one.
- Units on instantly linked networks may be reached instantly.
- Units on distant networks are reached by gateway.
- IPv4 Router Routing Desk
- The router routing desk shops community routes the router is aware of about.
- Use the present ip route command to show the routing desk on a Cisco router.
- The router routing desk additionally has data on: how the route was discovered, its trustworthiness and ranking.
- It additionally accommodates which interface to make use of to succeed in that specifc vacation spot.
- Instantly Linked Routing Desk Entries
- C – Identifies a directly-connected community, routinely created when an interface is configured with an IP tackle and activated.
- L – Identifies that this can be a native interface. That is the IPv4 tackle of the interface on the router.
- Distant Community Routing Desk Entries
- Distant Community Routing Desk Entries
- Distant locations can’t be reached instantly.
- Distant routes include the tackle of the intermediate community gadget for use to succeed in the vacation spot.
- Subsequent-Hop Deal with
Subsequent-Hop tackle is the tackle of the intermediate gadget used to succeed in a specifc distant vacation spot.
6.3 Routers
Anatomy of a Router
- A Router is a Laptop
- Routers have CPU, reminiscence and I/O gadgets
- Cisco routers use IOS as their working system.
- Router Reminiscence
- Simply as a pc, routers have reminiscence.
- Routers include RAM, ROM, NVRAM and Flash reminiscence.
- Inside a Router
- Routers have the identical common construction.
- Connect with a Router
- Routers have might ports to assist connections.
- LAN and WAN Interfaces
- Routers have LAN and WAN ports.
- Completely different fashions ship with completely different ports.
- Ethernet is quite common on completely different router fashions.
Anatomy of a Router
- Bootset Recordsdata
- IOS picture file, saved within the Flash, accommodates the IOS.
- The Flash additionally shops different system information.
- The NVRAM shops configuration parameters.
- Router Bootup Course of
- Carry out the POST and cargo the bootstrap program.
- Find and cargo the Cisco IOS software program.
- Find and cargo the startup configuration file or enter setup mode
- Present Model Output
- The present model command could be very helpful.
- It offers data on the quantities of reminiscence put in, what IOS photos was loaded throughout boot and extra.
6.4 Configuring a Cisco Router
Configure Preliminary Settings
- Fundamental Change Configuration Steps
- Configure gadget identify
- Safe EXEC mode
- Safe VTY traces
- Safe privilege EXEC mode
- Safe all passwords
- Present authorized notification
- Configure the administration SVI
- Save the configuration
- Fundamental Router Configuration Steps
- Configure gadget identify
- Safe EXEC mode
- Safe VTY traces
- Safe privilege EXEC mode
- Safe all passwords
- Present authorized notification
- Configure the administration SVI
- Save the configuration
Configure Interfaces
-
- Configure Router Interfaces
- Enter the interface sub-configuration mode.
- Add an outline to the Interface (optionally available)
- Configure an IPv4 or IPv6 tackle.
- Activate the interface with a no shutdown command
- Confirm Interface Configuration
- present ip route – Shows the contents of the IPv4 routing desk saved in RAM.
- present interfaces – Shows statistics for all interfaces on the gadget.
- present ip interface – Shows the IPv4 statistics for all interfaces on a router.
Configure the Default Gateway
-
- Default Gateway for a Host
- Default Gateway for a Change
- A default gateway is required for distant community communication.
- If a change is to be managed through its VTY traces, it wants a default gateway.
- Use the ip default-gateway command to configure the default gateway for a change.
6.5 Chapter Abstract
Abstract
- Clarify how community layer protocols and companies assist communications throughout information networks.
- Clarify how routers allow end-to-end connectivity in a small to medium-sized enterprise community.
- Clarify how gadgets route site visitors in a small to medium-sized enterprise community.
- Configure a router with fundamental configurations.
Part 6.1 New Phrases and Instructions
- encapsulation
- routing
- de-encapsulation
- information
- packet
- body
- Web Protocol Model 4 (IPv4)
- Web Protocol Model 6 (IPv6)
- Community Layer PDU = IP Packet
- Transport Layer PDu
- Phase Header
- IP Header
- Auxiliary port (AUX)
- connectionless
- greatest effort supply
- media impartial
- Connectionless
- unreliable
- most transmission unit (MTU)
- Model
- Differentiated Providers (DS)
- Time-to-Stay (TTL)
- Web Management Message Protocol (ICMP)
- information payload
- Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset fields
- key phrase
- Community Deal with Translation (NAT)
- Visitors Class
- Move Label
- Payload Size
- Subsequent Header
- Hop Restrict
- native host
- distant host
- default gateway
Part 6.2 New Phrases and Instructions
- netstat –r
- route print
- interface record
- IPv4 Route Desk
- IPv6 Route Desk
- directly-connected routes
- distant routes
- default route
- present ip route
- route supply
- vacation spot community
- outgoing interface
- administrative distance
- metric
- next-hop
- route timestamp
- department routers
- WAN routers
- service supplier routers
Part 6.3 New Phrases and Instructions
- Energy-on-self-test POST
- RAM
- ROM
- NVRAM
- Flash
- Synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
- WIC
- high-speed WIC (HWIC)
- ROMMON
- Superior Integration Module (AIM)
- Enhanced high-speed WAN interface card (eHWIC)
- Serial module
- Ethernet interfaces
- Auxiliary (AUX) RJ-45 port
- In-band router interfaces
- Console
- Out-of-band
- Safe Shell (SSH)
- Telnet
- startup-config
- running-config
- bootstrap program
- Trivial File Transport Protocol (TFTP)
Part 6.4 New Phrases and Instructions
- interface type-and-number
- ip tackle ipv4-address subnet-mask
- description description-text
- no shutdown
- present ip interface temporary
- ping ip tackle
- present ip route
- present interfaces
- present ip interface temporary
- ip default-gateway ip-address
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